Animal Farm vs. Marxism Essay Example For Students

Animal Farm versus Marxism Essay Characters, things, and occasions found in George Orwells book, Animal Farm, can be contrasted with comparable characters, things, and occasions found in Marxism and the 1917 Russian Revolution. This correlation will be appeared by utilizing the imagery that is in the book with similitudes found in the Russian Revolution. Old Major was a valued pig that had a place with Farmer Jones. The way that Old Major is himself a hog was to imply that extreme change and upset are, themselves, exhausting according to the low class spoke to by the other farm animals, who are progressively inclined to stressing over work and endurance in their regular day to day existence. Old Major gave numerous addresses to the livestock about expectation and what's to come. He is the primary creature who kicked the disobedience off despite the fact that he passed on before it really started. Old Majors job analyzes to Lenin and Marx whose thoughts were to prompt the socialist insurgency. Animal Farm is an analysis of Karl Marx, just as a novel propagating his feelings of majority rule Socialism. Zwerdling, 20. Lenin became pioneer and instructor of the regular workers in Russia, and their assurance to battle against private enterprise. Like Old Major, Lenin and Marx composed articles and offered talks to the common laborers poor. The average workers in Russia, as contrasted and the farm animals in Animal Farm, were a laboring class of individuals that got low wages for their work. Like the animals in the ranch yard, the individuals is Russia thought there would be no persecution in another general public in light of the fact that the average workers individuals or animals would claim all the wealth and hold all the influence. Golubeva and Gellerstein 168. Another character spoke to in the book is Farmer Jones. He speaks to the image of the Czar Nicholas in Russia who rewarded his kin like Farmer Jones rewarded his animals. The animal resistance on the ranch was begun in light of the fact that Farmer Jones was a smashed who never dealt with the animals and who got back home one night, left the door open and the animals revolted. Despot Nicholas was a frail man who rewarded his kin like how Farmer Jones rewarded his animals. The Czar made his regular workers individuals exceptionally frantic with the manner in which he used his position and lectured constantly, and the individuals endured lastly requested change by revolting. The Czar said The law will henceforward be regarded and complied with by the country as well as the position that decides it and that the law would remain over the changing perspectives on the individual instruments of the preeminent force. Pares 420. The creature Napoleon can be thought about as a character speaking to Stalin in Russia. Both were mean looking, didnt talk without a doubt yet consistently got what they needed through power. In one piece of the book Napoleon charged the canines on Snowball, another creature. Stalin turned into the Soviet Leader after the demise of Lenin. He was thought little of by his adversaries who consistently became hisâ victims, and he had one of the most heartless, systems ever. In was not till a lot of years after the fact that the world got some answers concerning the numerous passings that Stalin made in Russia during the Revolution. For very nearly 50 years the world idea that the Nazis had done the slaughtering in Russia, when in reality it was Stalin. Imse 2. The last characters that are emblematic of one another are the creature Snowball with the Russian chief Trotsky. Snowball was extremely excited and was a pioneer who sorted out the guard of the ranch. He gave addresses and guidelines yet was not exceptionally valuable. The various creatures loved him, yet he was outfoxed by Napoleon. .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2 , .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2 .postImageUrl , .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2 , .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2:hover , .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2:visited , .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2:active { border:0!important; } .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2:active , .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2:hover { haziness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-design: underline; } .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-embellishment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231 505f4339062f2 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u0e9b3593bd8d045c231505f4339062f2:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: When the composition Family Picture by Max Beckmann was picked as the book spread for The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka, one can contend that the determination was satisfactory EssayTrotsky and Stalins relationship was a lot of like Snowballs and Napoleons. Trotsky composed the Red Army and gave discourses and everybody in Russia figured he would prevail upon power Stalin. After Lenins passing Trotsky lost all his capacity to Stalin and was ousted from the socialist party. He was one after another thought about the second most influential man in Russia. Trotsky Comptons 290. Other than characters there are numerous things that can be analyzed as images in the book and in Russia. The whip that Napoleon utilized in the yard to employ force can be contrasted with the force that Stalin utilized on the Russians. Napoleon conveyed a whip in his trotter. Stalin utilized his capacity to starve the Russian individuals and to have Lenin captured. Stalins primary objective was to expand his own capacity. Stalin, Britannia 576. Stalin got his kin ready by collectivizing farming, by police dread, and by decimating remainders of individual flourishing. He additionally drove the Soviet Union into the atomic age Clarkson 442. Purposeful publicity is another thing that was utilized in the Russian upheaval. It very well may be contrasted with Squealer in Animal Farm. Squealer indoctrinated a type of promulgation the farm animals into accepting that they didn't care for apples and milk, while he and Napoleon were taking the nourishment for themselves. In Russia, the Bolsheviks did publicity on the individuals by passing out flyers and placing stories in the papers that were false. They told laborers, warriors, and workers to not confide in their own hands and to remove land from the landowners. Golubeva and Gellerstein 80. Another thing that is comparable in both Animal Farm and Russia are the canines and the mystery police. Napoleon prepared his mutts when they were pups to monitor him and to comply with all his orders. They pursued Snowball away. Stalin prepared his mystery police to do his offering at whatever point he gave a request. Stalin had his mystery police murder between 60,000 to 70,000 individuals. These police were known as the Checka and the graves loaded up with bodies stacked upon one another with slugs in every skull were discovered numerous years after the fact. Imse, C2. Another imagery that exists in the book and in Russia is a comparability to occasions that occurred. The windmill that is available in Animal Farm canâ be contrasted and the development of industry in Russia or the Industrial Revolution. Snowball initially acquainted the windmill idea with the homestead yet Napoleon couldn't help contradicting him and had the canines pursue him away. Napoleon at that point introduced the windmill as a smart thought and the animals were given expectation that things would show signs of improvement on the homestead. At the point when it blew down, Napoleon accused Snowball. Napoleon imagined that on the off chance that he could keep the farm animals occupied constantly supplanting the windmill that they would not understand how terrible their day to day environments were, and he could accuse the devastation all the ideal opportunity for Snowball. The windmill is the main thing that was holding the creatures all together. In Russia the development of p roduction line and industry was extremely discouraging yet relied upon the compulsory work of serfs. Russia trusted that by keeping the serfs working constantly and promising them a superior world that they would not understand how awful their everyday environments were. The Industrialists were squeezing their own established requests. Clarkson 352. None of the social classes were battling each other on the grounds that there were no classes left. What Russia got working was to make the individuals imagine that the possibility of loss of expected enhancements in states of life of the present time and place, must be accomplished by animating work to phenomenal endeavors. .u26991c39a944e2b0f19c9fdae5af67a7 , .u26991c39a944e2b0f19c9fdae5af67a7 .postImageUrl , .u26991c39a944e2b0f19c9fdae5af67a7 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u26991c39a944e2b0f19c9fdae5af67a7 , .u26991c39a944e2b0f19c9fdae5af67a7:hover , .u26991c39a944e2b0f19c9fdae5af67a7:vi

By the time Macbeth murders Duncan Essay

‘By the time Macbeth murders Duncan, he has just lost the fight for his soul’. Talk about this announcement and look at the elements which lead to his choice to slaughter the lord. It is the point of this paper to assess and decide the legitimacy of the above articulation. I will look at the variables which lead to Macbeth’s choice to murder the ruler. The definition for a person’s soul is the otherworldly piece of them that should proceed after their body is dead. Individuals additionally use ‘soul’ to allude to a person’s mind, character, considerations and emotions. ‘The fight for his soul’ speaks to whether this individual submits to great or malice. The elements that I will take a gander at specifically while thinking about what drove Macbeth to submit the homicide, are the witches and Lady Macbeth. The play starts with the witches who present Macbeth by saying they will meet him. ‘There to meet with Macbeth’. This is a viable method to begin the play, as individuals were eccentric at that point. They had faith in witches and they accepted they were underhanded. One individual who was exceptionally watchful and inquisitive about such issues was James I and Shakespeare had composed this play for him. The black powder plot occurred the earlier year and James I was, thusly, touchy and worried about future death endeavors. Shakespeare was composing for a crowd of people who were prevalently Christian and who put stock in paradise and damnation; the manner in which somebody acted on earth would choose what befell them when they passed on. The spirit is significant in this play and this is the reason ‘Macbeth’ may have been well known as individuals were keen on these things. On the off chance that somebody lost their spirit, they would be lost to God and would be sentenced to damnation forever. Macbeth jabbers about this in his emotional monologs. Duncan was a decent legit lord who had sat idle yet treat Macbeth as an old buddy. Duncan calls him ‘worthiest cousin’, which recommends the closeness of their relationship. Duncan is thankful for Macbeth’s valiance in fight. He says, ‘I have started to plant thee and will work, to make thee loaded with growing†. Duncan is stating he will successfully compensate him for being so daring. Duncan is an excellent individual, Macbeth says, â€Å"Duncan hath borne his resources so mild hath been so clear in his extraordinary office that his temperances will argue like angel†. Macbeth realizes that he was acceptable he despite everything killed him. In this way is no reason for what he has done. The King is Macbeth’s visitor so he ought to secure him, not assault him. There are various responses from Macbeth and Banquo to the witches’ expectations. Banquo accepts that Macbeth will become lord since he has just become Thane of Cawdor, similarly as the witches had anticipated. He believes that it is extremely peculiar how the witches are helping them. Besides, he accepts the witches will be caring to them and have their trust just to sell out them later. He is plainly astonished and stays wary with regards to their goals. The distinctive response by Macbeth is evident when he is stunned from the outset subsequent to hearing what the witches need to state. He genuinely accepts that he will become lord as two of the expectations have demonstrated exact. Things can just show signs of improvement for Macbeth, or so he accepts. Macbeth’s assessment of the witches stays uncertain and he doesn't generally have the foggiest idea what to think about the ‘weird sisters’. There are clashing convictions that he has. Initially, he accepts they are bad, yet on the off chance that they were terrible for what reason did they give him such achievement? It appears that he is starting to believe the witches when he considers the achievement that they have given to him. Banquo, then again, in a flash questions them and accepts ‘†¦to win us to our damage, the instruments of obscurity let us know truths’. When Lady Macbeth gets Macbeth’s letter about the witch’s expectations she starts to design the homicide: ‘Come, you spirits that tend on mortal contemplations, unsex me here and fill me from the crow to the toe top loaded with direst cruelty.’ She needs to be loaded up with mercilessness and needs underhanded spirits to forces her. She needs to lose her gentility and become masculine so she is fit for the best savagery. She would like to lose her spirit so she doesn't feel regretful. The variables that lead Macbeth to execute the ruler are the witches, Lady Macbeth and his own character. The witches drove Macbeth to the homicide when they welcomed him and said ‘All hail Macbeth, that will be top dog hereafter.’ In the hour of the play it was accepted that witches could take devilish ownership of individuals and cause them to do what they needed. Macbeth sees a knife not long before the homicide of Duncan. A few people may state that the witches put the picture before him to drive him into killing. Be that as it may, Act 1, scene 1 proposes that there are cutoff points to the witch’s powers; they can't murder. They talk about a woman who didn't give them nuts so they need to recover her, and furthermore her better half who is on a pontoon. ‘I’ll give thee wind.’ ‘I’ll channel him as dry as roughage. They express numerous things that they will do to him however they don't make reference to executing him and this demonstrates demise isn't in their capacity. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have a decent relationship, they appear to jump on very well together and when they are separated they miss one another. Later in the play Lady Macbeth starts to take control and turns out to be fairly prevailing. She can convince him to do anything. Macbeth concluded that he would not like to proceed with the homicide however Lady Macbeth talked him into it by considering him a quitter and utilizing unforgiving words. ‘And live a weakling in thine own self esteem’. She says this after Macbeth will not continue any further with the homicide. She is insulting and embarrassing him. At the point when Macbeth convinces himself not to submit the homicide, ‘We will continue no further in this business,’ Lady Macbeth makes him adjust his perspective by considering him a ‘coward’. She lets him know, ‘When you durst do it, at that point you were a man’. The suggestion being that he is done acting like a man. She reveals to him that on the off chance that he breaks this guarantee, he will break every single other guarantee including those made to her, ‘Such I account thy love’. All things considered, she guarantees that she would prefer to run out the minds of an infant at that point break such a guarantee. Shakespeare uses incredibly solid symbolism to stress exactly how significant it is for her. In Macbeth’s emotional monolog he gives numerous reasons concerning why he wouldn't like to proceed with the homicide. Numerous considerations are going through his mind, for example, the dread of Duncan returning as something terrible in his next life. Furthermore, he thinks something awful will occur on the off chance that he proceeds with it. ‘To plague th’ designer. This impartial Justice’ He is conflicting with the deed of executing the lord. ‘Strong both against the deed: at that point, as his host’. He is a brother, along these lines he can not slaughter someone on a similar side as him and this recommends it isn't care for him at all and he wouldn't like to end his life. At the point when Lady Macbeth enters he doesn't disclose to her these reasons however gives various ones through and through. He says the ruler has been regarding him as of late and individuals have high assessments of him. Thus, he needs to stay famous with individuals. Macbeth must murder Duncan so he can be above all else and have his spot. The witches disclosed to him that he would be above all else, however not really by killing him. At first the homicide has been contrived altogether by Macbeth and not suggested by any other individual. As Macbeth states, ‘If chance will make them ruler, why chance me crown me, without stir’. He is stating that on the off chance that he becomes lord that is acceptable however he will do nothing to make himself ruler. As he concedes, his lone rationale in the executing is ‘Vaulting ambition’. I will currently consider the idea of Macbeth’s sin. The wrongdoing that has been submitted is really detestable, however I don't accept that Macbeth is essentially malevolent. The way that Macbeth accepts that he will never be excused demonstrates he is really contrite. The main explanation Duncan was killed was for Macbeth’s individual increase. Macbeth had no genuine motivation to murder him, as the lord was a dear companion. There are numerous reasons that recommend that Macbeth ought to never be pardoned for this. The homicide was without hesitating and it had been arranged and not submitted seemingly out of the blue. Macbeth would not like to proceed with it yet Lady Macbeth prompted him to do as such. This is the reason I trust Macbeth isn't abhorrent on the grounds that he was headed to it. After the homicide the husbands to be were spread with blood to cause it to appear as though they had submitted the homicide. Toward the beginning of the day Macbeth murders them also imagining that he has carried on of ‘violent love’ for Duncan. He does this to get himself in the clear and to maintain a strategic distance from doubt. Along these lines, the husbands to be can't deny submitting the homicide. Macbeth has slaughtered the lord. At that point, there was a conviction that lords were gotten onto the seat through God’s power (divine right) thus an assault on the king’s power was viewed as acting against God’s wishes. This is the purpose behind him to push off as God has repudiated him. Macbeth says, â€Å"He’s here in twofold trust: first, as I am his brother and his subject, solid both against the deed; at that point as his host, who ought to against his killer shut the entryway, Not hold up under the blade myself.† Macbeth realizes that what he has done isn't right as he ought to be taking care of his visitor. After the homicide, Macbeth can't state the word ‘Amen’, â€Å"But wherefore wouldn't I be able to articulate ‘Amen’ I had most need of gift and ‘Amen'†. He feels that God has abandoned

Flip Video Type

Flip Video Type Flip Video Type Home›Marketing Posts›Flip Video Type Marketing PostsThe flip video camera is basically a camcorder mainly used for digital videos and created by the pure digital technologies, a Cisco systems company (Hutsko, 2010).  The main target audience for the flip video camera will be the baby boomers- people born during the post world war II or the averagely old populations. In addition to the baby boomers, business persons such as internet marketers and other younger generations especially college students will also be targeted.The baby boomers population is approximately 20 percent of the world population and therefore can be a substantive market for the flip cameras. According to Hutsko (2010), the flip is no longer an option for the younger Smartphone audience but rather for generations who need simple devices and have the money to buy it. Internet marketers are involved in interviews, capturing variety of videos and tutorials. Therefore, just like the baby boomers, they need camera that do not take more technical experts to use, can be carried anywhere and which are economical and convenient to use (Scott, 2010).   On the other hand, college students form the main component of the younger generation that will be targeted. The flip video camera is an important gadget for students who want to quickly share lessons learnt in class.The baby boomers usually tote the flip on their family reunions and vacations. They also routinely send video clips so that their friends and families can get the full impact of such things like their newly painted dining rooms among others (Scott, 2010). The internet marketers and the younger generations, for instance, the college students are more involved in online video sharing. Video blogging is common and popular in most countries. These groups are the biggest face book users as well as very active twitter users (Scott, 2010).In terms of media habits and interaction, a greater percentage of  the baby boomers are ‘technology illiterate’ (Callen, 2010). Therefore, the flip video type is a perfect fit for this generation as they reduce the complexity of the processes that are experience by other kinds of cameras when one when captures a video. It needs fewer instructions to make it work. It only needs simple turning and pushing of a few buttons that are located on its front side. It has an internal drive and therefore need no SD card to download videos to ones computer (Hutsko, 2010).The younger generations, for instance college students and younger businessmen spend much time on the internet and are more technologically savvy compared to the baby boomers (Scott, 2010). Since the flip video is targeted for people who want to casually shoot their videos without going through a bunch of settings, cables and memory cards, the flip video fits very well as a significant social accessory. Its integrated USB coupled with the application that allows its users to send videos by only following very simple steps makes the flip video camera more suitable for video blogging (Hutsko, 2010). Sending of video in form of links is easily opened with the flip video camera.In addition, the flip share software allow the users to easily move their recorded videos in their PCs and upload to social networks such as face book, twitter and you tube in   just a click. According to Scott (2010), online video is prevalent in virtually all the generations and therefore for people who prefer to show case their vacation videos on you tube, big TV screens and other video sharing sites have pleasant experience with the flip video.Media objectives and strategiesObjectivesOne of main media objectives will be to reach out for photo enthusiasts falling within the baby boomers generation, business persons such as internet marketers and the younger generation especially the college students who are considered to be the greatest purchasers.   Another objective will be to reach the target buyers to gain larg er efficiency and to realize lesser cost per opportunity.Media mixThe media mix that is most suitable is the use media dispersion approaches which involve the use of multiple media.   It encompasses both the traditional media vehicles including TV, radio, print among others in order to contact a wider number of audiences (Yeshin, 2006).In order to reach the younger generations and any other generation that appreciates technology, media mix will also entail the use of non traditional contact avenues such as product placements, online advertising, direct mail, blogs, mobile phones and pod casts. According to Yeshin (2006)., the use of media dispersion approach is important as it allows for the reach of substantive percentage of the target audience. In addition, it brings much reinforcement as consumers who see multiple adverts in different media are likely to favor the product. The use of multiple media will also ensure higher levels of reach of the audience due to availability differ ent audiences which generally minimizes cross media duplication.Sales promotion can also be used. This may involve giving free memory cards, carry cases, free photography training course, free DVDs or DVDs rental vouchers which may be given with a camera purchase. Sales promotion is significant in persuading new customers to purchase new products and also enhances the establishment of strong loyalty among the current customers.GeographyAdvertising will involve a combined approach of a national approach and spot approach. This entails sales to advertising in all the major markets with additional advertising in some of the selected markets such as in areas where there are more photo enthusiasts and where there is more concentration of the younger generations such as colleges (Scott, 2010).Scheduling and timingIn terms of scheduling and timing, a flight scheduling approach will be appropriate. This involves heavy advertising in particular months and lesser advertising in other months.   According to Yeshin (2006), this approach takes advantage of both the flight and continuity scheduling approaches and mitigates some of their weaknesses.Frequency and budgetingHigher frequencies of advertising will be achieved through the use smaller amount of the media vehicles. This involves use of smaller number of TV and radio channels. While high levels of reach is achieved by use of multiple media, higher advertising frequency levels is achievable through the use of fewer media vehicles to elevate the amount of audience duplication among the particular media vehicles (Scott, 2010).In addition, the budget should be considerable to ensure that the company’s reported profit does not reduce and the number of the new products that the company wishes to launch in a given period is not limited (Scott, 2010).. Factors such as product sustainability, competition, market share and consumer base and the frequency of advertising should therefore be effectively considered.

Miracles of Jesus Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Jesus asked from where the bread could be taken and he was given only five loaves of bread and two fish. He asked his servants to serve the bread to the people present there and thanked the god. By miracle all the people ate as much as they could and after everyone left Jesus asked his servants to collect the leftover pieces so that nothing is lost. When his servants collected the leftover pieces 12 baskets were full (Guided Bible Studies, King James Bible - John 6:1-71 n. d.). This miracle showed the power over food. After this incident a lot of people started believing in Jesus as a â€Å"prophet† and that he was a wonder to the people. A deeper meaning of this symbol is that food here not only represents the physical thing that is used to feed humans but is also talking about that spiritual food that feeds the soul of the person and that none could remain hungry in the presence of Jesus (Signs and Miracles in John n. d.). 5. The fifth miracle that was performed by Jesus Ch rist that eventually affected his deity was that he walked on the water in a sea storm. We will write a custom essay sample on Miracles of Jesus or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The disciples were going on a ship into sea whereas Jesus had gone over to the mountain but at night they got caught up in a night storm and they saw Jesus coming towards them by walking in the sea. They got fearful but then when Jesus assured them that it was the real him they welcomed him on the boat and that time the ship immediately reached its destination. This miracle shows the power invested by god to Jesus over the natural laws. As the disciples met Jesus they passed over to the safe side and in a deeper meaning this shows the power God has over the life and death of humans (Guided Bible Studies, King James Bible John 6:1-71 n. d.). Through this God’s power over the natural laws was revealed and his closeness with Jesus was revealed. This miracle revealed his deity by implying that even in the storms of life Jesus will always be there with them as he encompasses the rules of the nature. 6. The sixth miracle done by Jesus was that of g iving sight to a blind man. Jesus met this man on a journey and found out that the man was blind by birth. People of the area believed that the man was blind either because his parents had sinned or because he had sinned as they were taught this according to the Jewish law (Keener 1993). Jesus assured the people that this was not the case as no one had sinned and he went ahead and mixed his own saliva with clay and asked the blind man to rub the mixture on his eyes. The man did as he was asked and when he cleaned his eyes again with the water from the clean pool of Siloam the blind man could see again clearly.

Essay about Burglary and the Rational Choice Theory

There are numerous theories as to why a crime is committed. Rational choice theory, which is a subset of classical theory, says that before people commit a crime they think about what they are going to do. They weigh the pros and cons before committing the criminal act. The rational choice theory is well suited for the causation of burglary. The support for this theory is that burglars do not commit crime for the fun of it or just because they want to. It is usually because they need money to keep their heads above water. In their situation, they do not see any other way than to steal to make a living. The opposition for rational choice theory is that criminals do not think before they act as they may be incapable of thinking†¦show more content†¦These criminals dont have any money because they do not have jobs or they have underpaid jobs. The jobs they can get are unskilled, low paying ones. Burglars are generally uneducated or lazy. They spend all their money on d rugs and then dont have money to pay for necessities. The rational choice theory is a plausible explanation as to what causes a person to burglarize. Rational choice theory holds that â€Å"criminality is largely the result of conscious choices that people make† (Schmallegar, 2011, p. 82). This means that before a person takes criminal actions, they will weigh whether committing those actions will be profitable to them versus the costs of being arrested. The criminals are using rational thinking and logic to decide rather to commit their crime or stay within the law. The rational choice theory gives insight in to why otherwise law abiding citizens would commit crime. Most burglars do not burglarize because they want something specific from the victims property nor are they saving the cash proceeds for a long-term goal. They burglarize because they need the money right now to pay off bills, buy food and clothes for their family or to purchase alcohol and illegal drugs. Most burglars would turn to making an honest living, but, even that does not meet their immediate desires for cash. Nor would the earned wages support their lifestyles. (Wright Decker, 1994). Their rationalization is â€Å"what would I rather be doing?† Is itShow MoreRelatedCriminology : Criminal Behavior And Society Essay1182 Words   |  5 Pagessocietal theory of Durkenheim, and the political philosophy of Marx. According to Siegel, criminological theories are important in understanding criminality. Examining why people commit crime is very important in the ongoing debate of how crime should be handled and prevented. Many theories come forth over the years, and they continue to be explored, individually and in combination, as criminologists seek the best solutions in ultimately reducing the types and levels of crime. The theories of criminologyRead MoreCriminal Behavior And The Criminal Acts1115 Words   |  5 Pagesstudied for many years and theories have been suggested as to this very topic. Criminal behavior is when an individual commits a criminal act. A criminal act constitutes the violation of breaking the law. Criminal behavior can be linked to many crimes like organized crime along with misdemeanors and felonies (Jones, 2005). Burglaries are no exception when it comes to criminal behavior. Burglaries consist of either violent or non-violent and crimes against property. Burglaries can occur with or withoutRead MoreRational Choice Theory Essay1726 Words   |  7 PagesRational choice theory, also known simply as choice theory, is the assessment of a potential offender to commit a crime. Choice theory is the belief that committing a crime is a rational decision, based on cost benefit analysis. 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DuringRead MoreTheories and Burglary1584 Words   |  7 PagesMadeline Hutcherson Criminology Writing 1 Theories and Burglary Routine activities theory is a theory that was created in the late 1970’s meant to explain crime and victimization. The routine activities theory is based off of the assumption made in previous theories such as deterrence and rational choice theory, which offenders rationally think out criminal behaviors before they engage in them. This assumption includes the theory that offenders calculate risks and consequencesRead MoreCriminological Theories And The Criminal Behavior2650 Words   |  11 Pagesnumber of criminological theories have been developed throughout the course of time for the purposes of attempting to understand and pinpoint what motivates individuals to demonstrate criminal behaviors by engaging in criminal acts. The focus of this work will be to apply theories of crime to the offense of burglary. 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A Game of Thrones Chapter Twenty-seven Free Essays

string(45) " chest and removed a light linen undertunic\." Eddard It’s the hand’s tourney that’s the cause of all the trouble, my lords,† the commander of the city watch complained to the king’s council. â€Å"The king’s tourney,† Ned corrected, wincing. â€Å"I assure you, the Hand wants no part of it. We will write a custom essay sample on A Game of Thrones Chapter Twenty-seven or any similar topic only for you Order Now † â€Å"Call it what you will, my lord. Knights have been arriving from all over the realm, and for every knight we get two freeriders, three craftsmen, six men-at-arms, a dozen merchants, two dozen whores, and more thieves than I dare guess. This cursed heat had half the city in a fever to start, and now with all these visitors . . . last night we had a drowning, a tavern riot, three knife fights, a rape, two fires, robberies beyond count, and a drunken horse race down the Street of the Sisters. The night before a woman’s head was found in the Great Sept, floating in the rainbow pool. No one seems to know how it got there or who it belongs to.† â€Å"How dreadful,† Varys said with a shudder. Lord Renly Baratheon was less sympathetic. â€Å"If you cannot keep the king’s peace, Janos, perhaps the City Watch should be commanded by someone who can.† Stout, jowly Janos Slynt puffed himself up like an angry frog, his bald pate reddening. â€Å"Aegon the Dragon himself could not keep the peace, Lord Renly. I need more men.† â€Å"How many?† Ned asked, leaning forward. As ever, Robert had not troubled himself to attend the council session, so it fell to his Hand to speak for him. â€Å"As many as can be gotten, Lord Hand.† â€Å"Hire fifty new men,† Ned told him. â€Å"Lord Baelish will see that you get the coin.† â€Å"I will?† Littlefinger said. â€Å"You will. You found forty thousand golden dragons for a champion’s purse, surely you can scrape together a few coppers to keep the king’s peace.† Ned turned back to Janos Slynt. â€Å"I will also give you twenty good swords from my own household guard, to serve with the Watch until the crowds have left.† â€Å"All thanks, Lord Hand,† Slynt said, bowing. â€Å"I promise you, they shall be put to good use.† When the Commander had taken his leave, Eddard Stark turned to the rest of the council. â€Å"The sooner this folly is done with, the better I shall like it.† As if the expense and trouble were not irksome enough, all and sundry insisted on salting Ned’s wound by calling it â€Å"the Hand’s tourney,† as if he were the cause of it. And Robert honestly seemed to think he should feel honored! â€Å"The realm prospers from such events, my lord,† Grand Maester Pycelle said. â€Å"They bring the great the chance of glory, and the lowly a respite from their woes.† â€Å"And put coins in many a pocket,† Littlefinger added. â€Å"Every inn in the city is full, and the whores are walking bowlegged and jingling with each step.† Lord Renly laughed. â€Å"We’re fortunate my brother Stannis is not with us. Remember the time he proposed to outlaw brothels? The king asked him if perhaps he’d like to outlaw eating, shitting, and breathing while he was at it. If truth be told, I ofttimes wonder how Stannis ever got that ugly daughter of his. He goes to his marriage bed like a man marching to a battlefield, with a grim look in his eyes and a determination to do his duty.† Ned had not joined the laughter. â€Å"I wonder about your brother Stannis as well. I wonder when he intends to end his visit to Dragonstone and resume his seat on this council.† â€Å"No doubt as soon as we’ve scourged all those whores into the sea,† Littlefinger replied, provoking more laughter. â€Å"I have heard quite enough about whores for one day,† Ned said, rising. â€Å"Until the morrow.† Harwin had the door when Ned returned to the Tower of the Hand. â€Å"Summon Jory to my chambers and tell your father to saddle my horse,† Ned told him, too brusquely. â€Å"As you say, my lord.† The Red Keep and the â€Å"Hand’s tourney† were chafing him raw, Ned reflected as he climbed. He yearned for the comfort of Catelyn’s arms, for the sounds of Robb and Jon crossing swords in the practice yard, for the cool days and cold nights of the north. In his chambers he stripped off his council silks and sat for a moment with the book while he waited for Jory to arrive. The Lineages and Histories of the Great Houses of the Seven Kingdoms, With Descliptions of Many High Lords and Noble Ladies and Their Children, by Grand Maester Malleon. Pycelle had spoken truly; it made for ponderous reading. Yet Jon Arryn had asked for it, and Ned felt certain he had reasons. There was something here, some truth buried in these brittle yellow pages, if only he could see it. But what? The tome was over a century old. Scarcely a man now alive had yet been born when Malleon had compiled his dusty lists of weddings, births, and deaths. He opened to the section on House Lannister once more, and turned the pages slowly, hoping against hope that something would leap out at him. The Lannisters were an old family, tracing their descent back to Lann the Clever, a trickster from the Age of Heroes who was no doubt as legendary as Bran the Builder, though far more beloved of singers and taletellers. In the songs, Lann was the fellow who winkled the Casterlys out of Casterly Rock with no weapon but his wits, and stole gold from the sun to brighten his curly hair. Ned wished he were here now, to winkle the truth out of this damnable book. A sharp rap on the door heralded Jory Cassel. Ned closed Malleon’s tome and bid him enter. â€Å"I’ve promised the City Watch twenty of my guard until the tourney is done,† he told him. â€Å"I rely on you to make the choice. Give Alyn the command, and make certain the men understand that they are needed to stop fights, not start them.† Rising, Ned opened a cedar chest and removed a light linen undertunic. You read "A Game of Thrones Chapter Twenty-seven" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"Did you find the stableboy?† â€Å"The watchman, my lord,† Jory said. â€Å"He vows he’ll never touch another horse.† â€Å"What did he have to say?† â€Å"He claims he knew Lord Arryn well. Fast friends, they were.† Jory snorted. â€Å"The Hand always gave the lads a copper on their name days, he says. Had a way with horses. Never rode his mounts too hard, and brought them carrots and apples, so they were always pleased to see him.† â€Å"Carrots and apples,† Ned repeated. It sounded as if this boy would be even less use than the others. And he was the last of the four Littlefinger had turned up. Jory had spoken to each of them in turn. Ser Hugh had been brusque and uninformative, and arrogant as only a new-made knight can be. If the Hand wished to talk to him, he should be pleased to receive him, but he would not be questioned by a mere captain of guards . . . even if said captain was ten years older and a hundred times the swordsman. The serving girl had at least been pleasant. She said Lord Jon had been reading more than was good for him, that he was troubled and melancholy over his young son’s frailty, and gruff with his lady wife. The potboy, now cordwainer, had never exchanged so much as a word with Lord Jon, but he was full of oddments of kitchen gossip: the lord had been quarreling with the king, the lord only picked at his food, the lord was sending his boy to be fostered on Dragonstone, t he lord had taken a great interest in the breeding of hunting hounds, the lord had visited a master armorer to commission a new suit of plate, wrought all in pale silver with a blue jasper falcon and a mother-of-pearl moon on the breast. The king’s own brother had gone with him to help choose the design, the potboy said. No, not Lord Renly, the other one, Lord Stannis. â€Å"Did our watchman recall anything else of note?† â€Å"The lad swears Lord Jon was as strong as a man half his age. Often went riding with Lord Stannis, he says.† Stannis again, Ned thought. He found that curious. Jon Arryn and he had been cordial, but never friendly. And while Robert had been riding north to Winterfell, Stannis had removed himself to Dragonstone, the Targaryen island fastness he had conquered in his brother’s name. He had given no word as to when he might return. â€Å"Where did they go on these rides?† Ned asked. â€Å"The boy says that they visited a brothel.† â€Å"A brothel?† Ned said. â€Å"The Lord of the Eyrie and Hand of the King visited a brothel with Stannis Baratheon?† He shook his head, incredulous, wondering what Lord Renly would make of this tidbit. Robert’s lusts were the subject of ribald drinking songs throughout the realm, but Stannis was a different sort of man; a bare year younger than the king, yet utterly unlike him, stern, humorless, unforgiving, grim in his sense of duty. â€Å"The boy insists it’s true. The Hand took three guardsmen with him, and the boy says they were joking of it when he took their horses afterward.† â€Å"Which brothel?† Ned asked. â€Å"The boy did not know. The guards would.† â€Å"A pity Lysa carried them off to the Vale,† Ned said dryly. â€Å"The gods are doing their best to vex us. Lady Lysa, Maester Colemon, Lord Stannis . . . everyone who might actually know the truth of what happened to Jon Arryn is a thousand leagues away.† â€Å"Will you summon Lord Stannis back from Dragonstone?† â€Å"Not yet,† Ned said. â€Å"Not until I have a better notion of what this is all about and where he stands.† The matter nagged at him. Why did Stannis leave? Had he played some part in Jon Arryn’s murder? Or was he afraid? Ned found it hard to imagine what could frighten Stannis Baratheon, who had once held Storm’s End through a year of siege, surviving on rats and boot leather while the Lords Tyrell and Redwyne sat outside with their hosts, banqueting in sight of his walls. â€Å"Bring me my doublet, if you would. The grey, with the direwolf sigil. I want this armorer to know who I am. It might make him more forthcoming.† Jory went to the wardrobe. â€Å"Lord Renly is brother to Lord Stannis as well as the king.† â€Å"Yet it seems that he was not invited on these rides.† Ned was not sure what to make of Renly, with all his friendly ways and easy smiles. A few days past, he had taken Ned aside to show him an exquisite rose gold locklet. Inside was a miniature painted in the vivid Myrish style, of a lovely young girl with doe’s eyes and a cascade of soft brown hair. Renly had seemed anxious to know if the girl reminded him of anyone, and when Ned had no answer but a shrug, he had seemed disappointed. The maid was Loras Tyrell’s sister Margaery, he’d confessed, but there were those who said she looked like Lyanna. â€Å"No,† Ned had told him, bemused. Could it be that Lord Renly, who looked so like a young Robert, had conceived a passion for a girl he fancied to be a young Lyanna? That struck him as more than passing queer. Jory held out the doublet, and Ned slid his hands through the armholes. â€Å"Perhaps Lord Stannis will return for Robert’s tourney,† he said as Jory laced the garment up the back. â€Å"That would be a stroke of fortune, my lord,† Jory said. Ned buckled on a longsword. â€Å"In other words, not bloody likely.† His smile was grim. Jory draped Ned’s cloak across his shoulders and clasped it at the throat with the Hand’s badge of office. â€Å"The armorer lives above his shop, in a large house at the top of the Street of Steel. Alyn knows the way, my lord.† Ned nodded. â€Å"The gods help this potboy if he’s sent me off haring after shadows.† It was a slim enough staff to lean on, but the Jon Arryn that Ned Stark had known was not one to wear jeweled and silvered plate. Steel was steel; it was meant for protection, not ornament. He might have changed his views, to be sure. He would scarcely have been the first man who came to look on things differently after a few years at court . . . but the change was marked enough to make Ned wonder. â€Å"Is there any other service I might perform?† â€Å"I suppose you’d best begin visiting whorehouses.† â€Å"Hard duty, my lord.† Jory grinned. â€Å"The men will be glad to help. Porther has made a fair start already.† Ned’s favorite horse was saddled and waiting in the yard. Varly and Jacks fell in beside him as he rode through the yard. Their steel caps and shirts of mail must have been sweltering, yet they said no word of complaint. As Lord Eddard passed beneath the King’s Gate into the stink of the city, his grey and white cloak streaming from his shoulders, he saw eyes everywhere and kicked his mount into a trot. His guard followed. He looked behind him frequently as they made their way through the crowded city streets. Tomard and Desmond had left the castle early this morning to take up positions on the route they must take, and watch for anyone following them, but even so, Ned was uncertain. The shadow of the King’s Spider and his little birds had him fretting like a maiden on her wedding night. The Street of Steel began at the market square beside the River Gate, as it was named on maps, or the Mud Gate, as it was commonly called. A mummer on stilts was striding through the throngs like some great insect, with a horde of barefoot children trailing behind him, hooting. Elsewhere, two ragged boys no older than Bran were dueling with sticks, to the loud encouragement of some and the furious curses of others. An old woman ended the contest by leaning out of her window and emptying a bucket of slops on the heads of the combatants. In the shadow of the wall, farmers stood beside their wagons, bellowing out, â€Å"Apples, the best apples, cheap at twice the price,† and â€Å"Blood melons, sweet as honey,† and â€Å"Turnips, onions, roots, here you go here, here you go, turnips, onions, roots, here you go here.† The Mud Gate was open, and a squad of City Watchmen stood under the portcullis in their golden cloaks, leaning on spears. When a column of riders appeared from the west, the guardsmen sprang into action, shouting commands and moving the carts and foot traffic aside to let the knight enter with his escort. The first rider through the gate carried a long black banner. The silk rippled in the wind like a living thing; across the fabric was blazoned a night sky slashed with purple lightning. â€Å"Make way for Lord Beric!† the rider shouted. â€Å"Make way for Lord Beric!† And close behind came the young lord himself, a dashing figure on a black courser, with red-gold hair and a black satin cloak dusted with stars. â€Å"Here to fight in the Hand’s tourney, my lord?† a guardsman called out to him. â€Å"Here to win the Hand’s tourney,† Lord Beric shouted back as the crowd cheered. Ned turned off the square where the Street of Steel began and followed its winding path up a long hill, past blacksmiths working at open forges, freeriders haggling over mail shirts, and grizzled ironmongers selling old blades and razors from their wagons. The farther they climbed, the larger the buildings grew. The man they wanted was all the way at the top of the hill, in a huge house of timber and plaster whose upper stories loomed over the narrow street. The double doors showed a hunting scene carved in ebony and weirwood. A pair of stone knights stood sentry at the entrance, armored in fanciful suits of polished red steel that transformed them into griffin and unicorn. Ned left his horse with Jacks and shouldered his way inside. The slim young serving girl took quick note of Ned’s badge and the sigil on his doublet, and the master came hurrying out, all smiles and bows. â€Å"Wine for the King’s Hand,† he told the girl, gesturing Ned to a couch. â€Å"I am Tobho Mott, my lord, please, please, put yourself at ease.† He wore a black velvet coat with hammers embroidered on the sleeves in silver thread, Around his neck was a heavy silver chain and a sapphire as large as a pigeon’s egg. â€Å"If you are in need of new arms for the Hand’s tourney, you have come to the right shop.† Ned did not bother to correct him. â€Å"My work is costly, and I make no apologies for that, my lord,† he said as he filled two matching silver goblets. â€Å"You will not find craftsmanship equal to mine anywhere in the Seven Kingdoms, I promise you. Visit every forge in King’s Landing if you like, and compare for yourself. Any village smith can hammer out a shirt of mail; my work is art.† Ned sipped his wine and let the man go on. The Knight of Flowers bought all his armor here, Tobho boasted, and many high lords, the ones who knew fine steel, and even Lord Renly, the king’s own brother. Perhaps the Hand had seen Lord Renly’s new armor, the green plate with the golden antlers? No other armorer in the city could get that deep a green; he knew the secret of putting color in the steel itself, paint and enamel were the crutches of a journeyman. Or mayhaps the Hand wanted a blade? Tobho had learned to work Valyrian steel at the forges of Qohor as a boy. Only a man who knew the spells could take old weapons and forge them anew. â€Å"The direwolf is the sigil of House Stark, is it not? I could fashion a direwolf helm so real that children will run from you in the street,† he vowed. Ned smiled. â€Å"Did you make a falcon helm for Lord Arryn?† Tobho Mott paused a long moment and set aside his wine. â€Å"The Hand did call upon me, with Lord Stannis, the king’s brother. I regret to say, they did not honor me with their patronage.† Ned looked at the man evenly, saying nothing, waiting. He had found over the years that silence sometimes yielded more than questions. And so it was this time. â€Å"They asked to see the boy,† the armorer said, â€Å"so I took them back to the forge.† â€Å"The boy,† Ned echoed. He had no notion who the boy might be. â€Å"I should like to see the boy as well.† Tobho Mott gave him a cool, careful look. â€Å"As you wish, my lord,† he said with no trace of his former friendliness. He led Ned out a rear door and across a narrow yard, back to the cavernous stone barn where the work was done. When the armorer opened the door, the blast of hot air that came through made Ned feel as though he were walking into a dragon’s mouth. Inside, a forge blazed in each corner, and the air stank of smoke and sulfur. Journeymen armorers glanced up from their hammers and tongs just long enough to wipe the sweat from their brows, while bare-chested apprentice boys worked the bellows. The master called over a tall lad about Robb’s age, his arms and chest corded with muscle. â€Å"This is Lord Stark, the new Hand of the King,† he told him as the boy looked at Ned through sullen blue eyes and pushed back sweat-soaked hair with his fingers. Thick hair, shaggy and unkempt and black as ink. The shadow of a new beard darkened his jaw. â€Å"This is Gendry. Strong for his age, and he works hard. Show the Hand that helmet you made, lad.† Almost shyly, the boy led them to his bench, and a steel helm shaped like a bull’s head, with two great curving horns. Ned turned the helm over in his hands. It was raw steel, unpolished but expertly shaped. â€Å"This is fine work. I would be pleased if you would let me buy it.† The boy snatched it out of his hands. â€Å"It’s not for sale.† Tobho Mott looked horror-struck. â€Å"Boy, this is the King’s Hand. If his lordship wants this helm, make him a gift of it. He honors you by asking.† â€Å"I made it for me,† the boy said stubbornly. â€Å"A hundred pardons, my lord,† his master said hurriedly to Ned. â€Å"The boy is crude as new steel, and like new steel would profit from some beating. That helm is journeyman’s work at best. Forgive him and I promise I will craft you a helm like none you have ever seen.† â€Å"He’s done nothing that requires my forgiveness. Gendry, when Lord Arryn came to see you, what did you talk about?† â€Å"He asked me questions is all, m’lord.† â€Å"What sort of questions?† The boy shrugged. â€Å"How was I, and was I well treated, and if I liked the work, and stuff about my mother. Who she was and what she looked like and all.† â€Å"What did you tell him?† Ned asked. The boy shoved a fresh fall of black hair off his forehead. â€Å"She died when I was little. She had yellow hair, and sometimes she used to sing to me, I remember. She worked in an alehouse.† â€Å"Did Lord Stannis question you as well?† â€Å"The bald one? No, not him. He never said no word, just glared at me, like I was some raper who done for his daughter.† â€Å"Mind your filthy tongue,† the master said. â€Å"This is the King’s own Hand.† The boy lowered his eyes. â€Å"A smart boy, but stubborn. That helm . . . the others call him bullheaded, so he threw it in their teeth.† Ned touched the boy’s head, fingering the thick black hair. â€Å"Look at me, Gendry.† The apprentice lifted his face. Ned studied the shape of his jaw, the eyes like blue ice. Yes, he thought, I see it. â€Å"Go back to your work, lad. I’m sorry to have bothered you.† He walked back to the house with the master. â€Å"Who paid the boy’s apprentice fee?† he asked lightly. Mott looked fretful. â€Å"You saw the boy. Such a strong boy. Those hands of his, those hands were made for hammers. He had such promise, I took him on without a fee.† â€Å"The truth now,† Ned urged. â€Å"The streets are full of strong boys. The day you take on an apprentice without a fee will be the day the Wall comes down. Who paid for him?† â€Å"A lord,† the master said reluctantly. â€Å"He gave no name, and wore no sigil on his coat. He paid in gold, twice the customary sum, and said he was paying once for the boy, and once for my silence.† â€Å"Describe him.† â€Å"He was stout, round of shoulder, not so tall as you. Brown beard, but there was a bit of red in it, I’ll swear. He wore a rich cloak, that I do remember, heavy purple velvet worked with silver threads, but the hood shadowed his face and I never did see him clear.† He hesitated a moment. â€Å"My lord, I want no trouble.† â€Å"None of us wants trouble, but I fear these are troubled times, Master Mott,† Ned said. â€Å"You know who the boy is.† â€Å"I am only an armorer, my lord. I know what I’m told.† â€Å"You know who the boy is,† Ned repeated patiently. â€Å"That is not a question.† â€Å"The boy is my apprentice,† the master said. He looked Ned in the eye, stubborn as old iron. â€Å"Who he was before he came to me, that’s none of my concern.† Ned nodded. He decided that he liked Tobho Mott, master armorer. â€Å"If the day ever comes when Gendry would rather wield a sword than forge one, send him to me. He has the look of a warrior. Until then, you have my thanks, Master Mott, and my promise. Should I ever want a helm to frighten children, this will be the first place I visit.† His guard was waiting outside with the horses. â€Å"Did you find anything, my lord?† Jacks asked as Ned mounted up. â€Å"I did,† Ned told him, wondering. What had Jon Arryn wanted with a king’s bastard, and why was it worth his life? How to cite A Game of Thrones Chapter Twenty-seven, Essay examples

Comparison of Urban Sociological Theories free essay sample

Comparison of Urban Sociological Theories In order for an urban sociologist to discover â€Å"How urban societies work,† theories of â€Å"urban ecology† or â€Å"political economy† are used as a guide in their research. Urban ecology refers to the importance of social structure and social organization as shaping social life in the city. Urban ecologist concerns for social order, social cohesion, community ties and social differentiation offer key insight to how societies work (Kleniewski, 2001). Alternatively political economy stresses the use of power, domination and resources in the shaping of cities (Kleniewski, 2001). Urban sociologists’ theoretical approach to research questions is based on fundamental assumptions that they find most useful for understanding the operation of the social world. Therefore researchers using these different theories will ask different questions, examine different data and interpret their findings in different ways (Kleniewski, 2001). In the early years of 1910-1920, a time of social change and urban growth, urban sociologists in the United States, the Chicago School, were directly confronted by the diversity, liveliness and apparent fragmentation of urban life. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of Urban Sociological Theories or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The urban sociologists of the Chicago School drew a concern for order, cohesion and social relationships (Kleniewski, 2001). The founder of the Chicago School of urban sociology was Robert E. Park. He believed that cities are like living organisms, composed of interconnected parts and that each part relates to the structure of the city as a whole and to the other parts (Kleniewski, 2001). Park called his approach to urban life â€Å"human ecology,† a term used interchangeably with â€Å"urban ecology. Human ecology studies the â€Å"social norms† which are rooted in the relationship between human populations and the environment or territories they inhabit, stressing the orderly interaction of interdependent parts of social life in urban areas (Kleniewski, 2001). Human ecologist, Louis Wirth shared with the theoretical antecedents of urban ecology, Tonnies, Durkheim and Simmel, the notion that social interactions in cities were different from social interactions in rura l areas or small communities. He believed that social interactions in modern industrial cities were impersonal and fragmented. He believed that factors such as size, density, and heterogeneity were responsible for social relations found in cities (Kleniewski, 2001). This theory of human ecology was used to study human behavior such as, lives of gang members, homeless people and immigrants and to study changing land uses over time in order to show how the different populations of the city adapt to and compete for territories (Kleniewski, 2001. In comparison to urban ecology, political economy is concerned with how urban societies work. Although, political economist developed different understandings and interpretations of how urban societies actually work. In the 1970’s the city had many social problems which included welfare, unemployment and tax inflations. Theorist of political economy, Marx, Engels and Weber viewed the city as a site of struggle due to unequal distribution of resources (Kleniewski, 2001). Therefore in contrast to the urban ecology theory of humans being immediately dependent on their environment, the theory of political economy stresses that the city relies not only on its environment but its social arrangement, economic and political functions. Also in contrast to urban ecology, residential patterns are not only influenced by humans just adapting to their natural environment but by economic inequalities. This leads to competition. In contrast to urban ecology, competition not just among groups for space but among groups for control of economic resources. Political economists theorize that â€Å"social norms,† in contrast to urban ecology are not only influenced by size and density of the population but also influenced by the values of dominant groups (Kleniewski, 2001). These struggles or social forces help shape urban patterns and urban social life. Therefore, class, social status, political power, racial and ethnic conflicts also play a major role in shaping the city (Kleniewski, 2001). The Political Economy Perspective

24 Famous Quotes About Beauty

24 Famous Quotes About Beauty When you see a vibrant flower or a peacock majestically strutting his colorful plumes, revere the beauty of nature. Beauty is everywhere. Appreciate the beauty around you while beauty is still in its prime. Here are some famous quotes on beauty to inspire you to admire the beauty around you. Joseph AddisonThere is nothing that makes its way more directly to the soul than beauty.Leo TolstoyIt is amazing how complete is the delusion that beauty is goodness.Carol BotwinPick a man for his human qualities, his values, his compatibility with you, rather than what he represents in status, power or good looks.Edmund BurkeBeauty in distress is much the most affecting beauty.Jean KerrIm tired of all the nonsense about beauty being only skin-deep. Thats deep enough. What do you want an adorable pancreas?Johann Wolfgang von GoetheThe soul that sees beauty may sometimes walk alone.John KeatsBeauty is truth, truth beauty.John Kenneth GalbraithThere is certainly no absolute standard of beauty. That precisely is what makes its pursuit so interesting.Alexander PopeFair tresses mans imperial race ensnare/And beauty draws us with a single hair.Lord ByronShe walks in beauty like the night Of cloudless climes and starry skies; And all thats best of dark and bright Meet in her aspect and her eyes: Thus mellowed to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies. Henry David ThoreauThe perception of beauty is a moral test.Oscar WildeNo object is so beautiful that, under certain conditions, it will not look ugly.Saint AugustineSince love grows within you, so beauty grows. For love is the beauty of the soul.Friedrich NietzscheWomens modesty generally increases with their beauty.Anne RoipheA woman whose smile is open and whose expression is glad has a kind of beauty no matter what she wears.Kahlil GibranBeauty is not in the face; beauty is a light in the heart.Ralph Waldo EmersonNever lose an opportunity of seeing anything beautiful, for beauty is Gods handwriting.Ernest HemingwayThe echoes of beauty youve seen transpire, Resound through dying coals of a campfire.D. H. LawrenceBeauty is an experience, nothing else. It is not a fixed pattern or an arrangement of features. It is something felt, a glow or a communicated sense of fineness.Hellen KellerThe best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen or even touched they must be felt w ith the heart. VoltaireBeauty pleases the eyes only; sweetness of disposition charms the soul.Alexis CarrelThe love of beauty in its multiple forms is the noblest gift of the human cerebrum.Marcus Aurelius AntoninusWhatever is in any way beautiful hath its source of beauty in itself, and is complete in itself; praise forms no part of it. So it is none the worse nor the better for being praised.Louisa May AlcottLove is a great beautifier.

Mandatory Birth Control Welfare Requirement Debate Essay Example

Mandatory Birth Control Welfare Requirement Debate Essay Example Mandatory Birth Control Welfare Requirement Debate Paper Mandatory Birth Control Welfare Requirement Debate Paper The American welfare system began in the 1930s, during the Great Depression, to aid families with little or no income. The welfare system expanded over the following six decades. Allegations of welfare fraud and abuse increased proportionally. Some welfare recipients were staying unmarried, unemployed, or acquiring more children to manipulate the system and qualify for more aid (Welfareinfo.org, 2013). In 1996, President Bill Clinton signed a bill turning control of the welfare system over to the individual states. Thus, allowing states to choose their preferred mechanisms to modify the requirements and restrictions of welfare applicants and recipients to minimize the abuses. Both sides of the aisle have introduced bills to eliminate funding to chronic welfare abuses and preserve the limited welfare funds for families and individuals in genuine need of temporary financial assistance. Despite sounding like an oxymoron, political officials have the most appropriate career competency for understanding state laws and determining the better courses of action for preserving state tax revenues. On June 20, 2013, The US Congress led by Rep. Stephen Finchers (R-Tenn) put forth a bill that would require states to perform random drug tests on 20% of the people receiving benefits from the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program. The bill did not pass the Congress. Rep. Fincher intends to revise the bill and submit for a vote later. On February 2, 2009, the Obama administration revised the TANF program adding a requirement that welfare recipients must take an active role in searching for employment, and to remain employed when possible. Numerous other bills have been introduced in Congress over the years to address the issues of drug use, intentional unemployment, and fraud in state or federal subsidized programs. Adding children to a family already in welfare programs increases the amount of welfare payment and extends the amount of time a person can be unemployed and receive taxpayer funded welfare. Some welfare recipients have additional children simply as a way to profit from the system. The topic of this debate will be: Should individuals, enrolled in a government assistance programs, be required to be on birth control to receive benefits? This debate paper will begin with three arguments from the pro perspective, followed by three arguments from the con perspective. The merits of these debate arguments will be discussed, followed by a conclusion based on the team’s determination of the stronger set of arguments. Lastly, the weaker perspective will offer a rebuttal to the team’s conclusion. Pro Arguments Foster Child and Adoption Programs A person qualifies for welfare when he or she does not have the means, or ability to provide adequately for them self. Social service agencies will not place foster or adoptive children in economically unstable household to ensure the child’s needs are adequately met. As a ward of society and for the protection of unborn children, a welfare recipient should be required to be on birth control and meet the same standards required for adoptive or foster parents before mandatory birth control can be suspended. Doing this would mirror the social service guidelines already established, which ensure children’s need can be adequately met by their guardians, and also prevents additional burdens on the welfare system. Social Responsibilities and Constitutional Rights The Constitution holds an individuals rights to be inalienable. The Supreme Court has ruled that citizen rights are exercised only to the extent that they do not infringe on the rights of another. Therefore, irresponsible reproduction by welfare recipients infringes upon the rights of fellow Americans, by forcing them to support the reckless behavior of the welfare recipient. Further, welfare is an entitlement program, not a constitutional right. The government has numerous restrictions and requirement for social security, unemployment, education, and every other entitlement program. Those restrictions preserve the intent of the programs and reduce abuses. This requirement is simply asking potential mothers and fathers to take responsibility for their own actions. Having children should not be forbidden; however, temporarily restrictions while a potential mother or father is dependent upon taxpayer backed state assistance should be required. This should help eliminate many of the cases of welfare abuse by decoupling the desire to have children and the current financial incentive of welfare recipients to have more children. This creates a further incentive for seeking employment and self improvement of potential mothers or fathers wanting children and should reduce the amount of time a recipient stays in the welfare system. Universal Health care and contraception A person should be required to use birth control to receive government assistance if he or she is cannot to support and feed themselves and any children he or she already has. If this person refuses to participate in preventative measures for religious or other reasons then monetary assistance should eliminated if they were to have another pregnancy. The state should provide free contraception to them as part of their assistance. Free vasectomies to the men should be offered as part of this program. Con Arguments Religious conflict to birth control A person should not be forced to take birth control to receive assistance if he or she chooses not to. Many religious beliefs do not permit contraception to be used. The Catholic Church, for example, is one. If God wants a person to have a child, what right does the state or federal government have to override His will? Social Responsibilities and Constitutional Rights The Constitution of the United States of America gives the same rights and protections to all persons regardless of their employment or income status. The government has no authority to regulate when, why, or how often any person procreates. Requiring that welfare recipients submit to birth control to receive welfare benefits is a violation of that person’s constitutional rights. Such a draconian measure will harm families and promote suffering of innocent children who welfare recipients already have. For the government to cut off a citizen’s rightful assistance for the very natural and inalienable right of procreation is tyrannical and stands in stark contract to every principle that this great country was founded. Universal Health Care and Contraception Before an individuals reproductive rights are taken away, we must speak of global access to birth control. Does a welfare recipient pose a higher long-term risk, compared to a teenage mother? Focusing birth control mandates on citizens who are already struggling with hard times will not address the broader issues of decreasing the demands on the welfare system. Planned Parenthood, one of the largest sources of free and low-cost birth control, and has experienced countless budget cuts, year after year. These budget cuts make providing services to the neediest participants extremely difficult. What other services will need to be provided in the long term to young mothers. Better funding of family planning programs is a better use of tax payer dollars. Providing more funding to family planning clinics provides solutions to individuals who are actively seeking family planning rather than infringing on the rights stereotyped group who find themselves needing help, not oppression. Welfare Requirements Debate In an evaluation of the arguments presented, Team D has determined that the pro side of this debate presented stronger arguments. Several logic errors or fallacies were noted in the con arguments, which further weakened the strengths of the con side of the debate. There were two direct parallels between the pro and con arguments. One of the set of arguments is not directly paired, but did overlap with some relevance. The team determined at the con argument of religious belief is a fallacy, shifting the burden of proof. The con argument of universal health care addresses the religious argument without side stepping the issue. The team evaluation also determined the con argument is an argument from popularity. Further, the separation of church and state should not allow or require that state welfare policies cater to individual religious concerns. There are numerous legal precedents, such as Roe v Wade that establish government policy despite conflicting religious perspective. On the issue of constitutional rights, the team opinion again found the pro argument better reasoned. The most convincing aspects of the pro argument were welfare is an entitlement program, not a constitutional right, and entitlement programs can place restrictions. This was viewed as the pro side providing legal precedent. The con side is a statement of faulty comparison and does not provide any counterargument to pro side’s establishment of the legal precedent. The arguments of universal health care were also determined stronger on the pro side. While neither side had a particularly strong argument, the pro side did provide a rebuttal to the religious argument of the con side. The con argument is not substantive to the debate and is considered to be a red herring. The team concludes the pro side presented a strong case for each of the arguments. Since, welfare benefits are not constitutionally mandated, and individual’s rights to procreate freely are not protected under the Constitution. States should have the liberties to decide requirements that must be met to use welfare benefits, including use of mandatory birth control. Rebuttal The government has the responsibility to protect its citizen’s rights and responsibilities, not remove them. Regardless of whether welfare is an entitlement program or a right, the government does not have the authority to make family planning decisions for its citizens. Such actions would be a clear and blatant violation of constitutional rights. Imposing such requirements on welfare recipients is not simply a slippery slope, but an avalanche of issues that have not been discussed or evaluated by the proponents of mandatory birth control. What recourse will women have if they suffered any of the potential side effects of birth control such as decreased fertility, hormone regulation, depression, mood disorders? What happens to the people kicked off the welfare system? Are they left to starve? The moral wrongs of this requirement far outweigh any tax saving biased statisticians can produce. Abuses and fraud may exist in the welfare system, but mandatory birth control is not an effective approach to try to address that. The many who depend on the welfare system would be undeservedly punished for the crimes of a few that take advantage of it. Mandatory birth control is a one-size fits all approach, like using a nuclear bomb to swat flies. There are many other approaches that can and should be taken that can achieve the goal of reducing fraud and protecting the rights of families. Many mothers cannot work because the cost of childcare is greater than the income they can earn. Creating more affordable childcare programs would aid to get mothers in the workforce and off the welfare roles. Sick children cannot go to school or daycare, which means mothers cannot work and cannot earn money when their children are sick. Health care is prohibitively expensive. Affordable health care or access to universal health care would create healthier children and allow them to stay in school or daycare. This cycle of mothers having to leave work to stay at home with their sick children has been the very cause of many mothers losing steady employment and end up dependent on welfare. These are just a few of many alternatives that would create a positive impact on all parties involved and reduce dependence on the welfare system. There are better ways to preserve and protect the welfare system and families. For these reasons and many more, birth control should not be made as a mandatory part of receiving welfare benefits. References huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/04/ welfare-drug-testing-bill-congress_n_2806450.html

Analysis poem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Analysis poem - Essay Example The first two sentences of the poem represent the poet’s opinion of love and friendship. â€Å"Love is like the wild rose-briar; / Friendship like the holly-tree† (1-2). The poet uses two similes to describe it love and friendship in a more lively and specific way. The beauty of love is described through the rose-briar and friendship is compared with the holly-tree. (The definition of rose-briar, according to Oxford Dictionary, is a wild bush with thorns, especially a wild rose bush). Bronte thinks love is represented as â€Å"wild rose-briar† (1). This kind of plant is considered to have a beautiful and charming blossom, but its beauty is temporary, unstable and dangerous. (The definition of holly, according to Oxford Dictionary, is â€Å"A widely distributed evergreen shrub, typically having prickly dark green leaves, small white flowers, and red berries†.) Bronte uses a good simile to represent friendship. The holly-tree’s leaves never wilt and i t could signify the characteristic of friendship. It shows that that friendship can be forever and I believe the same A good friend may be an ordinary and inconspicuous person, but is a person who we can rely on and trust in any situation. The relationship between love and friendship could be two parallel lines or two intersecting lines. The poem says â€Å"The holly is dark when the rose-briar blooms. / But which will bloom most constantly? † (3-4). These two sentences make people to think about which one of the two might be constant. In my opinion, I cannot say definitely whether it is love or friendship that is constant because people are changeable. In addition, there are also many external factors that affect people’s relationships. People could change their minds due to some specific reasons or specific environmental factors. For example, friends or lovers go to different

Plato's Allegory of the Cave in realtion to school teachers or Essay

Plato's Allegory of the Cave in realtion to school teachers or students - Essay Example In Plato’s story, the prisoners were chained to a cave wall with the inability to move their heads. All the prisoners could see were shadows and all that they could hear were echoes. These shadows and echoes are like feelings and hearsay. Many people have false notions based on hearsay and feelings. One misconception an elderly relative of mine has is the belief if medicine is followed by water the medicine is watered down and ineffective. It does not matter how many times I explain that a medicine’s dosage is what makes it effective, their feelings on this matter does not waiver. Many people try different methods of things not by knowledge, but because of what a neighbor recommends. If all the knowledge a person has comes from feelings and hearsay, it would be like hearing echoes and seeing shadows in a cave. No truth can be found until someone wants to walk in the sun. Teachers, like the sun in the story, must educate their students in truth. Some teachers with an aggressive or harsh style tend to put students off. A teacher must illuminate the subject they teach for their students. Just like the harsh sun beating down on a prisoner’s weak eyes in the parable, if the learning process is too taxing or painful, a student will only learn enough to pass the course, not permanently retaining the knowledge. This could lead to a student staying ignorant, because being ignorant is easy. Looking into the sun hurts and takes an effort, just like the learning process. Another important comparison is the cave and ignorance. Some students refuse to learn because of the familiarity of ignorance. The cave was all that the prisoners knew. Some released prisoners would flee from the light for the refuge of the cave. It is very easy to slide though school, only doing enough work to pass, but not to learn the thirst of knowledge. Upon high school graduation,

An Introduction To Welding

An Introduction To Welding Welding can be defined as a permanent joining process that produces coalescence of materials by heating them to the welding temperature, with or without the application of pressure or by the application of pressure alone, and with or without the use of filler metal [8]. Ibrahim [10] defined welding as a process of permanent joining two materials usually metals through localised coalescence resulting from suitable combination of temperature, pressure and metallurgical conditions. Most welding processes use heat to join parts together and the equipment used to generate the required varies, depending on the welding process. Welding is used extensively for the manufacture and repair of farm equipment, construction of boilers, mining and refinery equipment, furnaces and railway cars. In addition, construction of bridges and ships also commonly requires welding. The application of welding process depends on the requirements of the weld, accessibility of the weld area, economic considerations and available welding equipment [9]. The strength and the integrity of a weld depend on the material properties of the metal being welded, as well as on a great many other factors. These factors include the shape of the weld, temperature of the heat sources, the amount of heat produced by the source and even the type of power source used. Overview of Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) In recent years, pressure to increase productivity and reduce costs by the manufacturers has been the main driving force behind the adoption of flux cored wires. Productivity, quality and ease of use are the three main factors on which the increasing popularity of FCAW. FCAW is an arc welding process that uses an arc between a continuous filler metal electrode and the weld pool [8]. The flux is used as a protection for molten metal from the atmosphere contaminations during welding operation. It will improve strength through chemical reactions and produce excellent weld shape. FCAW is very similar to GMAW in principle of operation and equipment used. In FCAW, weld metal is transferred as in GMAW globular or spray transfer. However, FCAW can achieve greater weld metal deposition and deeper penetration than GMAW short circuiting transfer [9]. The effects of electrode extension, nozzle angle, welding directions, welding speed and other welding manipulations are similar as GMAW. The FCAW are welding process introduced in early 1950s with the development of an electrode that contained a core of flux material. However, an external shielding gas was required even with the flux cored electrode. After that, the flux cored electrode that did not require an external shielding gas was developed in 1959. Shielding gas is important in FCAW-G process for increased penetration and filler metal deposition [9]. FCAW can be applied automatically or semi-automatic. Most FCAW process is semi-automatic, which is the wire feeder continuously feeds the electrode wire and the welder must manually positions the torch into the weld. However, it can transform to fully automatically with a computer driven robot manipulating the torch along a preset path. FCAW is widely used for welding large sections and with materials of great thicknesses and lengths, especially in the flat position. FCAW actually comprises two welding processes. The two variations for applying FCAW are self-shielded flux cored arc welding (FCAW-S) and gas-shielded flux cored arc welding (FCAW-G). The difference in the two is due to different fluxing agents in the consumables, which provide different benefits to the user. FCAW-S is a variation of FCAW in which the shielding gas is provided solely by the flux material within the electrode. The heat of the welding arc causes the flux to melt, creating a gaseous shield around the arc and weld pool. FCAW-S is also called Innershield and it is a flux cored arc welding process developed by Lincoln Electric Manufacturing Company [9]. On the other hand, shielding in FCAW-G is obtained from both the CO2 gas flowing from the gas nozzle and from the flux core of the electrode. FCAW-G is widely performed in flat and horizontal position. However, FCAW-G also can be performed for vertical and overhead position by using small diameter electrodes. C:UserssahaDesktopfcaws.png Figure 2.1: Self-Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW-S). [11] C:UserssahaDesktopfcawS.png Figure 2.2: Gas-Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW-G). [11] FCAW requires more electrode extension than GMAW. It is because electrode extension will affect the vapour-forming ingredients to generate enough arc vapour for adequate shielding [11]. Inadequate arc vapour will cause porosity in the weld. Besides that, the deposition rates and current density in FCAW are also higher than GMAW. The increased current density occurs due flux cored electrodes are tubular rather than solid, and the flux core has less density and current-carrying capacity than metal [11]. FCAW has a wide range of applications in industry. FCAW combines the production efficiency of GMAW and the penetration and deposition rates of SMAW. FCAW also has the ability to weld metals as thin as that used in vehicle bodies and as thick as heavy structural members of high rise buildings. The most common application of FCAW is in structural fabrication. High deposition rates achieved in single pass make FCAW more popular in the railroad, shipbuilding and automotive industries. Advantages of FCAW FCAW has many advantages over the manual shielded metal arc welding. It is more flexible and acceptable in varies industry compared to other welding operation such as gas metal arc welding, submerged arc welding and oxyacetylene welding. These advantages of FCAW [9, 10] are as follows: High quality weld metal deposit Produces smooth and uniform beads with an excellent weld appearance Produce less distortion than SMAW Welds a variety of steels over a wide thickness range High operating factor High deposition rate with high current density Economical engineering joint design Limitations of FCAW The limitations of FCAW regarding its applicability [12] are as follows: Confined to ferrous metals which is primary steels Removal of post weld slag requires another production step Electrode wire is more expensive on a weight basis than solid electrode wires Equipment is more expensive and complex than required for SMAW Ventilation system need to be increased to handle added volume of smoke and fume Robotic Welding Technology Nowadays, most of welding processes could be done in automated applications. With these automated applications, the welding process then called as robotic welding. Robot welding is the use of mechanized programmable tools, which completely automate a welding process by both performing the weld and handling the part. Robot welding is a relatively new application of robotics, even though robots were first introduced into US industry during the 1960s. The use of robots in welding did not take off until the 1980s, when the automotive industry began using robots extensively for spot welding. Since then, both the number of robots used in industry and the number of their applications has grown greatly. Cary and Helzer suggest that, as of 2005, more than 120,000 robots are used in North American industry, about half of them pertaining to welding. Growth is primarily limited by high equipment costs, and the resulting restriction to high-production applications. Robot arc welding has begun growing quickly just recently, and already it commands about 20% of industrial robot applications.[3] Major components of robotic welding The main components of arc welding robots are the manipulator or the mechanical unit and the controller, which acts as the robots brain. The manipulator is what makes the robot move, and the design of these systems can be categorized into several common types, such as the SCARA robot and Cartesian coordinate robot, which use different coordinate systems to direct the arms of the machine. It consists of a vertical mast and a horizontal boom that carries the welding head. They are sometimes referred to as boom and mast or column and boom positioners. Manipulators are specified by two dimensions: The maximum height under the arc from the floor. Maximum reach of the arc from the mast. The length of travel can be unlimited thus the same welding manipulator can be used for different weldment by moving from one workstation to another. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/content_images/fig/0490350503015.png In selecting and specifying a welding manipulator, it is important to determine the weight to be carried on the end of the boom and how much deflection can be allowed. The welding torch should move smoothly at travel speed rates compatible with the welding process. The manipulator carriage must also move smoothly at the same speed. Manipulators can be used for straight-line, longitudinal and transverse welds and for circular welds when a rotating device is used. As the diagram below shows, axis 1 and 2 are effectively a shoulder, axis 3 and 4 elbow and forearm and axis 5 and 6 are the wrist of the robot. Advantages of robotic welding Improve consistency of quality welds Difference with manual welding process, robotic welding can produces a consistently high quality of finished product, since there is no risk of tiredness, distraction or other effects from manually performing tedious and repetitive task. Once programmed correctly, robots will give precisely the same welds every time on work pieces of the same dimensions and specifications. Greater cycle speed Beside of above repeat ably, robotic welding systems also produce greater cycle speed as robots move from one weld to the next very quickly, making the entire process much faster. Robotic welding systems are able to operate continuously, provided appropriate maintenance procedures are adhered to. Continuous production line interruptions can be minimized with proper robotic system design. Repeatability Robot welding system may perform more repeat ably than a manual welder because of the monotony of the task. Robots work well for repetitive tasks or similar pieces that involve welds in more than one axis or where access to the pieces is difficult. Increase production output rates With robot welding you can also get an increased output with robots left running overnight and during weekends with little supervision. Robots also produce effectively because they can work inexhaustibly and consistently. As a result, output levels increase and client order deadlines can be met more easily. Safer workplace Comply with safety rules and improve workplace health and safety, robots can take overrun pleasant, arduous or health threatening tasks, decreasing the likelihood of accidents caused by employee contact with potentially hazardous fumes machines or processes. Comfortably Employees no longer have to work in hot, dusty or hazardous environments, plus they can learn valuable programming skills and be freed up for other work. As the same time, this condition improves quality of work for employees and helps retain them and reduces turnover. Reduction of costs Labour costs with less manual labour, there will be fewer costs related to sickness, accidents and insurance. Operating costs Robots can reduce both direct costs and overheads, making a dramatic difference to competitiveness. Automating the torch motions decreases the error potential which means decreased scrap and rework. Waste material cost the amount of waste due to poor-quality or inconsistent finishing can be significantly reduced. Welding Position Welding must be done in the position in which the part will be used. In this project, the scope is to study and investigate the correlation between welding parameter and bead geometry in 2F position. 2F position indicates welding operation for fillet weld in horizontal position. According to the American Welding Society (AWS), horizontal fillet welding is the position in which welding is performed on the upper side of an approximately horizontal surface and against and approximately vertical surface [8]. C:UserssahaDesktop2f position.png Figure 2.3: Schematic diagram of horizontal welding 2F position. [8] The official AWS diagrams for welding positions are precise. They utilize the angle of the axis of the weld which is a line through the length of the weld perpendicular to the cross section at its center of gravity. Figure 2.4 shows the fillet weld and its limits of the various positions. It is necessary to consider the inclination of the axis of the weld as well as the rotation of the face of the fillet weld [8]. Welding current Welding current is the most influential variable in arc welding process which controls the electrode burn off rate, the depth of fusion and geometry of the weldments. Welding voltage This is the electrical potential difference between the tip of the welding wire and the surface of the molten weld pool. It determines the shape of the fusion zone and weld reinforcement. High welding voltage produces wider, flatter and less deeply penetrating welds than low welding voltages. Depth of penetration is maximum at optimum arc voltage. [15] Welding speed Speed of welding is defined as the rate of travel of the electrode along the seam or the rate of the travel of the work under the electrode along the seam. Increasing the speed of travel and maintaining constant arc voltage and current will reduce the width of bead and also increase penetration until an optimum speed is reached at which penetration will be maximum. [15] The correct weld speed will result in a well formed weld bead that shows good fusion, penetration and a gradual transition of weld metal into the corners of the joint. A weld speed that is too fast results in a thin stringy weld with poor strength. A weld bead that is too slow a speed will result in a heavy weld that has too much convexity. Increasing the speed beyond this optimum will result in decreasing penetration. [16] In the arc welding process, increase in welding speed causes: Decrease in the heat input per unit length of the weld. Decrease in the electrode burn off rate. Decrease in the weld reinforcement. If the welding speed decreases beyond a certain point, the penetration also will decrease due to the pressure of the large amount of weld pool beneath the electrode, which will cushion the arc penetrating force. [16]